And by allowing decisions to be made based on personal greed rather than public benefit, corruption deprives our citizens of their right to good, effective governance.
In other words, Karzai's government not only benefits from corruption — it is, in terms of who is serving at its highest levels, a product of corruption.
Larger benefits of corruption (i.e., larger α and β) and/or smaller costs (i.e., smaller C and G) push the Skiba point to the left, meaning that for a broader range of initial conditions it is optimal for the leader to pull the society even further into corruption.
In our model the only optimizing decision maker is the senior political leader, and that leader receives two distinct types of benefits from corruption, that which depends directly and only on his or her own actions and those which are creamed from a bureaucracy that in turn collects bribes from the populace.
"We believe it is a hard-hitting report, saying how elites have benefited from corruption".
"If vested interests, benefiting from corruption, are attacking left, right and centre, then you are doing something right.
Who will benefit?" the corruption researcher said, naming several people, all senior Communist Party figures or their offspring.
"I know I benefited from corruption, but I'm still against it, and everyone else in India is, too," he said.
In a country where once only an élite few could benefit from corruption, many more people are now on the take.
On Thursday, IstoE newsmagazine published alleged testimony by Workers' party senator, Delcidio Amaral, claiming that Rousseff and Lula both directly benefitted from corruption.
