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Roughly 80percentt of operating room staff say that music benefits cooperation between team members, reduces anxiety levels and improves efficiency.
Importantly, feelings of being on the same team partially mediated the effect of synchrony on cooperation, suggesting that cooperation may be evoked, at least in part, by a perceived sense of solidarity amongst synchronous performers, an effect consistent with the sort of automatic prosocial affect that benefits cooperation in Rousseau's forest and Hume's meadow.
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When partners are of the same species, the analogous interaction is direct benefit cooperation.
Even in animal cooperation, there are now calls for more research on direct benefit cooperation (Bergmüller et al. 2007 b ; Forber and Smead 2015).
Facilitation and direct benefit cooperation can occur through creating a mutual benefit or carrying out a joint action without division of labour (Leigh 2010; McIntire and Fajardo 2014).
Mutual benefit cooperation on the other hand provides a direct benefit to all contributors, and therefore can evolve in the absence of high relatedness.
For direct benefit cooperation within species (Lehmann and Keller 2006; Bergmüller et al. 2007 a ), the equivalent mechanism of epiphenomenon helping is 'by-product mutualism' (Fig. 3).
I then compare facilitation between species with direct benefit cooperation within species, and argue for breaking up both processes into two separate mechanisms.
One common aspect shared by facilitation (McIntire and Fajardo 2014) and direct benefit cooperation (Lehmann and Keller 2006) is how each comprises a multiplicity of mechanisms.
With high benefit, cooperation would fixate more probably than a neutral mutant even without preferential attachment, but preferential attachment reinforces the evolution of cooperation (compare open vs. solid symbols on Fig 2).
Such a manufacture of religious experiences from personal prayer may also benefit cooperation from the intrinsic rewards that religious persons associate with acting in accordance with God's desires (Batson et al. 1993).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com