Diversity may also result in the perpetration of, and exposure to, prejudice and racism, marginalisation of minorities, deterioration of social capital, and political conflict (Stahl et al. 2010), with any potential benefits offset by the costs of such phenomena (Campos et al. 2011; Montalvo and Reynal-Querol 2005; Triana et al. 2015).
In contrast with coal-fired power plants, CO2 capture in the cement industry benefits from a higher concentration of CO2 in the flue gas, but the benefit is offset by higher SOx and NOx levels and the smaller scale of emissions from each plant.
It is found that such regions can strongly reduce the pressures radiated from a duct outlet, but that this benefit is offset by pressures radiated directly from the holes along the perforated region itself.
However, this direct benefit is offset by two other effects: first, for women who remain employed but who take leave, human capital accumulation is less and so wages are lower.
Conceptually, maintenance of sinus rhythm could prevent adverse outcomes related to AF. Rhythm control therapy has been only moderately effective in published trials, and its potential benefit was offset by side effects of repeated interventions.
But now, the reduced benefit is offset by the higher price.
Studies with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin demonstrated a potential to reduce the risk of subsequent death by reinfarction but this benefit was offset by increases in bleeding.
The use of TXA in patients with unsecured ruptured cerebral aneurysms reduces the risk of re-bleeding, but this benefit is offset by an increased risk for cerebral ischaemia, finally leading to an increased risk of poor outcome [ 59].
However, this benefit is offset by the likelihood of bleeding associated with its use, as well as the need for regular coagulation monitoring because of high inter- and intra-subject variability and a sensitivity to drug interactions.
Aspirin should not be recommended for those at low CVD risk (women under age 60 years and men under age 50 years with no major CVD risk factors; 10-year CVD risk <5%), as the low benefit is offset by the incidence of significant bleeding.
