His lenient penalty highlights the benefits of cooperating.
And they switched positions so often and with such rapidity (taking less than a second to move), that the benefits of cooperating were immediate.
However, non-cooperative phenotypes (i.e., being solitary; blue lines) could have higher fitness in favorable environments because there are few benefits of cooperating.
Network structure may be especially relevant to the study of cooperation, because the action of mechanisms which affect the cost:benefit ratio of cooperating (e.g. reciprocity, punishment, image scoring) is likely to be mediated by the relative position of actor and recipient in the network.
All the area marked with gray color benefits from the use of (cooperating) RSs. Figure 4 Local area scenario with two BSs (dark gray) and four relay stations (light gray) to assist each BS.
However if we imagine that the "trouble and expense" of cooperating brings compensating benefits for which a collective effort is needed, then the tragedy of the meadow is better formalised as a Stag Hunt (Skyrms 2004).
Additionally the participation in the MAA provides economic benefits for each participating faculty because this way of cooperating directly results in savings for every partner.
Since the cost of cooperating is greater than the marginal benefit, it is rational for each individual to defect.
Yet the decision to cooperate with others hinges on a balance between altruism and self-interest, and in this case, on whether landowners are willing to accept the immediate burden of cooperating with others in exchange for the longer term, but less certain, benefit of buffering their properties against fire.
However, the cooperating overhead will increase with the number of cooperating neighbors in each set.
