With alternating current, especially with relatively high overhead-wire voltages (10,000 volts or above), fewer substations are required, and the lighter overhead current supply wire that can be used correspondingly reduces the weight of structures needed to support it, to the further benefit of capital costs of electrification.
In other words, there is a clear market dynamic that allows participants to decide what the benefit of capital is compared to the risk of intellectual property theft.
And, more narrowly, they reap the benefits of capital appreciation, a fundamental component of capitalism.The results can be spectacular.
Executions are not needed to protect the public.Against the dubious benefits of capital punishment must be weighed its undoubted drawbacks.
Large-scale mining provides better job security and safer working conditions for employees, but any benefits of capital transformation do not accrue locally.
Although everybody now agrees that emerging economies must be careful about liberalising capital flows, there is a division between those who emphasise the benefits of capital freedom and those who rail at the costs.
"The EBA's 2016 stress test shows the benefits of capital strengthening done so far are reflected in the resilience of the EU banking sector to a severe shock," said Andrea Enria, EBA chair.
But banks were able to step into the breach until markets recovered their nerve.The evolution of financeThe evidence of the benefits of capital markets, and in particular stockmarkets, is not just theoretical.
He assured customers that they were about to reap the benefits of capital investments of more than $500 million made in the last three years by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees the L.I.R.R. for the state.
But importantly, because negative gearing is used to reduce people's taxable income the report also notes that when you look at peoples' incomes before taking out the rental losses, the benefits are even more unequally distributed – with 47% going to the top 10%and68%8% to the top 20%: The benefits of capital gains tax are even more weighted towards the wealthiest.
We have the prime minister saying that it was "beside the point" that most of the benefits of capital gains tax go to the top 10% of income earners because "of course people on the highest incomes will make the highest gains because they tend to have more property".
