The homeostatic intracellular repair response (HIR2) is an endogenous beneficial pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria and dysfunctional proteins in response to stress.
The result for bosentan is intriguing as many of the detrimental actions of ET-1, particularly in cancer, may use the β-arrestin pathway, and this suggests the potential to block a deleterious pathway while preserving activation of a beneficial pathway.
In addition, the multi-drug therapy should enhance beneficial signaling pathways while abolishing harmful pathways in host cells in order to alleviate side effects.
However, strong trade-offs associated with nutrient specialization and a partial analysis of the underlying genetic mutations [16] suggest less parallel evolution at the genetic level and the potential for a greater number of beneficial mutational pathways than observed in other systems [48].
Alternatively, elevated cytosolic calcium might activate beneficial calcium-dependent pathways that promote longevity.
Thus, restoration of RFC pathway function may provide beneficial effects on multiple pathways of increasing interest in controlling cancer cells.
These studies illustrate that a small peptide can function as a neuroprotective agent and an activator of a beneficial signal transduction pathway.
Pathway analysis may also be beneficial to detect commonly disrupted pathways that may be of high biological relevance but that do not contain a single highly recurrent gene, and may be missed by gene-centric analytic approaches.
