It may exert its beneficial effect by targeting activated parietal epithelial cells as well as monocytes/macrophages.
In our study, Alum was chosen to enhance the immunological effects of AGE-LDL because it 1) is an adjuvant that has be used in humans for many years; and 2) has been proven to mediate beneficial effects against atherosclerosis by capturing oxidized LDL and activating Tregs [ 36].
Then, the following two major questions arise: i) do the stem cells execute their beneficial effect by tissue integration or rather by paracrine effects; and ii) which mechanism, activated by the cells' therapeutic activity, explains the functional improvement: recovery of the original representation field or plastic reorganization?
We ascribe this effect of lidocaine to its inhibition of cytokine production (i.e., TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-13) in activated PBMCs, suggesting that lidocaine may exert an inhibitory effect on inflammatory T cells activated by SE, which, in turn, provide beneficial effects to skin barrier repair.
By contrast, raised CO2 may have indirect and beneficial effects, mediated by its influence upon ambient global temperatures.
Many of these beneficial effects are delivered by both phytoncides – volatile oils released by plants and trees to fend off infection – and by contact with beneficial soil bacteria.
The beneficial effects were mediated by macrophages as they were abrogated by transient macrophage depletion [280].
Warm summers producing ozone could partially outweigh any beneficial effects of heat by itself.
These beneficial effects were abrogated by EP4 receptor blocking with the specific antagonist ONO AE3-208 (300 nM; Fig. 7a,b).
