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A statistically significant correlation between increased average nuclear size, reduced nuclear density, and the presence of dysplasia was noted at the basal layer of the epithelium, at a depth of 200 to 300 μm beneath the tissue surface.
In about 5-μm depth (Fig. 3a) beneath the tissue surface, enterocytes and goblet cells could be clearly identified and in about 12 μm beneath the tissue surface, dark nuclear regions appeared (Fig. 3b).
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a micrometer-scale-resolution imaging modality which provides depth resolved images of biological tissue to ~2 mm beneath the tissue surface [ 1].
In our structural imaging study, the correspondence between OCT images and histology of ex vivo swine oral tissue confirmed the ability of the system to differentiate the oral subsurface layers and certain features within ~1.4 mm beneath the tissue surface.
For all four images, the calculation was done for a 1 mm x 1 mm (laterally) x 0.6 mm (depth) ROI tissue volume, with upper boundary at ~100 μm beneath the tissue surface.
Each beam was focused at a slightly different depth by controlling the divergence individually at their respective collimation units: the FP sensor interrogation beam is focused on the plane of the FPI while the OCT probe beam focus is positioned at a slightly greater depth so that it is located just beneath the tissue surface.
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Known as "ultrasonography with light," the most valuable feature of OCT is that it can provide cross-sectional images of the internal structures beneath the target tissue surface with a high resolution on the micrometer scale [ 34, 35].
Foci of bacteria were observed at and just beneath the external tissue surface and within the tonsillar crypts but no yeast cells or filaments were observed in the H&E sections.
For VGluT1, Homer1, VGAT and PV puncta quantification confocal pictures (18 confocal planes out of three animals per condition) were taken 5 μm beneath tissue surface as described (Fazzari et al., 2010; Iijima et al., 2011).
Yet beneath the tissue lies muscle.
Thus, as recordings represent weighted averages from a volume of tissue beneath the observation surface, the development of a transmural electrophysiological gradient in ischaemia may affect recorded signals.
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