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Although there is no erosion of maternal tissues in the epitheliochorial placenta, the capillaries beneath the fetal and maternal surface layers may pass just beneath the surface layers, making them thin.
By studying its atmosphere, magnetic field, composition and internal structure, the scientists hope to learn what lies deep beneath the surface layers of this many-banded, red-eyed gas giant.
Chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) is a widely used skin antiseptic, however it poorly penetrates the skin, limiting its efficacy against microorganisms residing beneath the surface layers of skin.
This enhanced penetration has the potential for improving skin antisepsis in clinical practice by increasing the concentration of CHG beneath the surface layers of skin where microorganisms can reside.
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The method deals with samples typical of aircraft structures for which access is limited to one surface and a crack is hidden within the first substrate layer beneath the surface layer.
As no sand samples were taken beneath the surface layer in Painan beach, it is assumed in the present study that Painan beach has a vertical sediment structure similar to that of Pariaman.
Additionally, it was not possible to identify layers beneath the surface coating, in the sense of differentiating the surface layer from possible underlying or priming layers that are macroscopically visible.
Eventually the surface layer around the underground chambers began to erode, revealing the intricate system of underground rivers and cenotes (sinkholes) that lay beneath.
"When you look beneath that surface layer, you see the pieces that are there that will ultimately build the market for REDD.
Tundra soils are frozen for much of the year, and during the summer thaw drainage is inhibited by the presence of permafrost beneath the thawed surface layer.
Here, both red and yellow paint are visible beneath the surface paint layers (see details, Figs. 3b, 15a).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com