Instead, only short-range order exists, and it does so only on some finite scale of characteristic length a caveat that should be noted when graphene is called a two-dimensional "crystal". For this reason, two-dimensional systems are inherently "flexural," manifesting strong bending fluctuations, so that they cannot be flat and are always rippled or corrugated.
A comparison with recent experimental and theoretical findings on similar systems corroborates the present analysis and suggests the bending fluctuations of the bonds as the main reason for the rather high flexibility.
Based on our model we may conclude that this happens when the time scale of bundle bending fluctuations which lead to bundle-bundle association becomes long compared to the experimental time scale, or simply long relative to the time it takes to all actin monomers to join the growing bundles.
The log-linear relationship indicates that we are in the low stress regime and that area expansion of the membrane comes from damping bending fluctuations, as opposed to direct stretching (i.e. area dilation) of the membrane, as observed at higher stresses [ 32].
During earthquake excitations, axial forces fluctuate together with bending moment fluctuations, especially in portal frame bridge piers and the arch-ribs of arch bridges.
A small pressure change in the PA chamber or a variation of the liquid amount in the reservoir alters the position of the epidermis slightly (i.e., upwards or downwards bending) and causes fluctuations in the generated PA signal.
Because the stress rate fluctuation occurs randomly, the bending stress caused by the fluctuation should depend on the combination of loading cycles (i and j) used to calculate the strain difference function.
This is a typical aspect of bending due to a fluctuation of stress rate, and if this fluctuation is ignored, the gradient of function does not change at this point.
In this case, a wavelet function is chosen to detect the short-term fluctuations in bending moment which might be expected to follow the impact of a discrete canopy-penetrating gust.
