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Bend is defined as the angle between the wrist WT line [pt 4 9] and the plane of the triangle wrist P III)i P(IV i [pts 4 6 12] (Fig. 3).
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A single thrash or body bend was defined as one complete sinusoidal movement from maximum to minimum amplitude and back again.
To calculate body bend frequency, a full body bend was defined as two intervals of more than 50 degrees of opposite directions.
The effect of light on the bending is defined as an effective optical bending moment, which is generated by the inhomogeneous light-induced strain and the membrane force.
The section modulus, Z, in bending is defined as I/y, and in torsion as J/r.
The strain energies of bending are defined by assuming that the zero strain energy state corresponds to the equilibrium graphite sheet.
Body-bends were defined as positions of local spatial maxima or minima of the angles.
The segmental contribution of each level to the total angular mobility of the cervical spine during lateral bending was defined as percentage segmental mobility, which was calculated as follows [ 22, 23, 25]: (angular variation of each segment in degrees)/ total angular motion in degrees) × 100.
The Bend Allowance is defined as the amount of material used for the bend, and is determined by using the following formula: BA= (0.0173 BR) + 0.0078 MT)).
A bending factor is defined as the ratio of the bending stress and the nominally applied tensile stress.
The critical bending moment is defined as the maximum moment at the critical point of bending vs. compressive strain curve, while the corresponding stress and strain are critical compressive stress and critical compressive strain.
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