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Tracking is the practice of grouping students into courses of study based on almost totally non-holistic measures of academic ability, such as test scores and grades that focus on benchmarks rather than progression.
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As a result of the budget, benefits and tax credits will also be increased in line with the CPI benchmark, rather than the RPI measure.
The MP for Newcastle Central, Jim Cousins, took a more statesmanlike line, believing that Scottish expenditure was a benchmark, rather than a target.
Unlike the national minimum wage, the living wage is an informal benchmark rather than a legally-enforceable minimum level of pay.
We also want to emphasise that we expect our main contribution to be in the area of prompt, dynamic and intelligent analysis of the monitored values (which is quite difficult to benchmark), rather than in terms of performance.
But that version, which perhaps may become the benchmark rather than its untethered cousin, is still under development, so for that and other reasons it was never going to be as strong.
There's a lot to give him vertigo: stock indexes driven upward by only a handful of companies (see chart); investors more attentive to a company's price appreciation than its earnings growth; risk defined as deviation from a statistical benchmark rather than potential for loss; valuations at double replacement cost.
And so using a quasi-bronze plan as the benchmark rather than a silver plan means reducing the financial assistance people get to buy insurance.
And an increasing number of "best college" rankings, such as those produced by the Washington Monthly, are using civic engagement as a benchmark, rather than acceptance rates, reputation and other traditional measures that tend to favor elite institutions.
In short, the QCA method presents as a possibly valuable small- N adjunct method for benchmarking, rather than a singular solution to the challenges that beset a measurement-minded age.
However, the aim of this study was to determine the correlation between any dynamic characteristic [ 14– 19] and crystallization propensity, and thus each individual characteristic of amino acids was used as a benchmark rather than all individual amino acid characteristics being used together in a model.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com