An example of this is the diffusion of modern financial risk management (focused mainly on value at risk models), which began in the 1970s (Guill, 2016) and took until the 1990s to diffuse among financial institutions as the benchmark for risk management.
All of the estimated BLLs were below the BLL of concern of 5 μg/dL set by the CDC and 10 μg/dL set by EPA, and did not raise BLLs by more than +1.0 μg/dL, which is California's proposed benchmark for risk assessment (Carlisle and Dowling 2007; CDC 2016a; EPA 2016).
The four-stage risk assessment process introduced in the "Red Book," Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process (NRC 1983)—hazard identification, dose response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization remains the current benchmark for risk assessment practice.
It's also the case that US debt remains the benchmark for risk-free investment, and if that changes, it'll have ripple effects across the world.
Losses and damages set important starting points and evaluation benchmarks for disaster risk research and management.
The rationale for genetic monitoring as a valuable management tool is that genetically based metrics provide scientifically robust insights into processes that affect standing levels of genetic diversity, offer defined benchmarks for assessing risks to a species persistence in the short- and long term, and, in principle, are linked explicitly to demographic changes in the population.
If the appropriate benchmark for permissible risk of harm to future generations is sexual reproduction, other germline-changing techniques would need to demonstrate severe foreseeable dangers to fail.
Now the spread on Italy's ten-year bonds over those of Germany (the traditional benchmark for measuring risk premiums in Europe) has opened up from 12 basis points at the beginning of the year to 19.Europe's internal drama over the constitution is not the only, or perhaps even the main, reason why the euro is falling and spreads are widening.
Table 1 catalogs the pollutants whose concentrations are above or potentially above the 10−6 benchmark for cancer risk at more than 50% of the locations.
Several benchmarks for ascertaining extinction risk have been suggested for interpreting effective size in threatened species.
