Most benchmarks located around the Shin-dake crater showed crater-centered radial horizontal displacements.
But there are countless deviations from this benchmark, both around the world (the bar mitzvah, for instance), and within the United States.
Had MSCI chosen to bring yuan-denominated stocks into its global emerging-markets benchmark, investors around the world would have been pressed to allocate billions of dollars to China.
A new study by the International Organization of Securities Commissions finds that Libor-like manipulation is likely happening in benchmark rates around the world, Bloomberg reports.
The scheme – known as the "abatements regime" – relies on a series of benchmarks around adequate clinical care, such as meeting GP appointments, completeness of staff records, writing incident reports and handling complaints.
Near-real-time datasets include webcam imagery, tilt, GPS, and seismic amplitude, while maps of lava flow activity and results from episodic kinematic GPS surveys covering a network of benchmarks around Pu'u 'Ō'ō are made available as those measurements are collected.
It keeps American crude, measured by the West Texas Intermediate benchmark, around $10 below the world price (see chart).
Both Oxford and Cambridge are currently missing their benchmarks by around 20 percentage points.
For the long term, it said, officials responsible for public health and safety should consider a variety of "benchmarks" in use around the world, some far higher than standards in use in this country to protect the public in routine operations and nuclear accidents.
The Lexile measure is 1020L, which is most often found in texts that are written for middle school, and according to Scholastic's own conversion chart would be equivalent to a 6th grade benchmark around W, X, or Y (using the same Fountas and Pinnell scale).
