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Although we lack an a priori basis for extrapolating our result to higher order, it is evident that the performance level of a method based on DRA is an easy benchmark to exceed.
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Based on dietary data we collected for different age groups, potential exposure to environmental toxins through the food consumption route is a real and significant concern particularly for children in their preschool and primary school years, with a high proportion of this age group estimated to exceed benchmark levels for a number of contaminants with known effects on health.
Cardiff, Glasgow, Liverpool, Queen's University Belfast, Sheffield and Southampton were the only Russell Group universities to exceed their benchmarks.
Dougherty et al. reported that children were found to exceed lifetime benchmarks for intake of these pollutants by age 12 (a lifetime average daily dose based on childhood exposure alone was calculated to reach this conclusion).
Kaggle actually maintains a real-time leaderboard of each competition's standings, so competitors are motivated to exceed the current benchmark until the competition closes.
Indoor air PCB concentrations in some schools have been reported to exceed health protective benchmarks suggested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAA) [ 16].
Notably, the EPA's cancer benchmark level for PCDD/Fs is three orders of magnitude higher than the WHO benchmark (which we applied to non-cancer endpoints), explaining why the cancer ratio of estimated risk to benchmark exceeds 100 while the non-cancer ratio of estimated hazard to benchmark is less than one.
We found our arsenic intake estimates to fall below the non-cancer benchmarks but to greatly exceed the cancer benchmarks.
Benefit-cost analyses have indicated that the returns to preschool programs with standards that are much stricter and more costly standards than set by our benchmarks far exceed their cost.
The number of benchmark concentrations exceeded by modeled concentrations ranged from 8to3232 per census tract, with a mean of 14.
Upper and lower limits are placed on the chart, typically at two or three SDs from the benchmark value; exceeding these limits indicates an anomalous or unlikely event that is signalled, investigated and when necessary acted on to improve the charted process.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com