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The worst performance loss was 54%, which was recorded for a benchmark item that calls native methods 2.0×106 times per second.
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The performance loss was less than 2% for the benchmark items that do not call native methods so frequently (∼104 times per second) and 5%20%% for the benchmark items that do (104 105 times per second).
These two benchmark items were used for criterion validity testing [ 13].
In addition, inside of its 26 questions, there are 2 benchmark items assessing overall quality of life and general health [ 32].
Table 5 Quantitative comparison of human re-id across cameras on a quite challenging VIPeR benchmark dataset Item no.
Several of our reviewers, who were also instrumental in developing the national standards and benchmarks, reviewed every item in both the K 4 and 5 8 inventories for science content and appropriateness relative to student learning and comprehension.
Only benchmarking in certain respects, item by item, is currently feasible.
In a long list of items that Benchmark characterizes as "gross mismanagement" by Kalanick is his "personal involvement in causing Uber to acquire a self-driving vehicle start-up that, according to a confidential report not disclosed to Benchmark at the time (the 'Stroz Report'), allegedly harbored trade secrets stolen from a competitor".
The observed deviation of measured household consumption from a benchmark is decomposed into item-specific consumption incidence and consumption value so as to investigate effects related to (a) the omission of any consumption and then (b) the error in value reporting conditional on positive consumption.
For the overall attractive/pretty item, an objective benchmark could be that there is a decorative piece present that is not in disrepair (such as a sculpture/statue or a fountain) or the presence of a garden.
Though training was provided to markers of constructed-response items (Q4.3a) and benchmark scripts were all used in such training sessions, the length of the training session was found to vary from two hours to one day (Q4.3b).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com