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Rather, HBSLs are nonenforceable benchmark concentrations in water that, when exceeded, may be of potential human-health concern.
Estimated concentrations of benzene, formaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene were greater than cancer benchmark concentrations in over 90% of the census tracts.
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Twenty-two pollutants with chronic toxicity benchmark concentrations had modeled concentrations in excess of these benchmarks, and approximately 200 census tracts had a modeled concentration 100 times the benchmark for at least one of these pollutants.
The estimated concentrations for several compounds, including some metals, exceed the health-based benchmark concentrations for chronic toxicity in both California and the United States (Morello-Frosch et al. 2000; Woodruff et al. 1998).
Quantitatively, extrapolation across species can be illustrated by applying pathway-based benchmark concentration modeling in combination with the human reverse toxicokinetic modeling of Wetmore et al. (2012) to the flusilazole concentration-responsive retinol metabolism pathway of zebrafish embryos, described above.
In some cases such as pathway-based benchmark concentrations, we do not yet understand the relationship between the chemically most sensitive pathway and a specific toxicological outcome.
Outdoor concentrations of air toxics were compared to previously defined benchmark concentrations for cancer and noncancer health effects.
Noble et al. (2009) have used model averaging to calculate a benchmark concentration, analogous to an EC, in a study of lung function and coal dust, using as weights Bayesian posterior probabilities with noninformative priors, across linear, square root, and quadratic models, with the selection of a set of covariates, such as height and weight, from among six possible ones.
In the present study we used DO mice to assess a toxicity response to benzene exposure and to estimate a benchmark concentration (BMC) of benzene exposure that is likely to result in a 10% increase in chromosomal damage over baseline.
We observed a dose-dependent increase in benzene-induced chromosomal damage and estimated a benchmark concentration limit of 0.205 ppm benzene using DO mice.
We measured micronuclei frequency in reticulocytes from peripheral blood and bone marrow and applied benchmark concentration modeling to estimate exposure thresholds.
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