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In April 2012 the wage-paying work opportunities and the JobPerspective (discussed below) were replaced by the promotion of employment relationships ("Förderung von Arbeitsverhältnissen", Article 16e Social Code II).

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In CECGWEP, traditional gas drainage entries located in either the roof above or the floor below are replaced by gob-side retained entries in the preferential coal seam; a traditional U-type ventilation passageway is changed into a Y-type ventilation passageway.

In the calculation of the sum, the values below LOQ were replaced by LOQ/2.

Normalized signal intensities below 10 were replaced by the value of 10.

Expression estimates below 10− were replaced by this value before log transformation.

Normalized signal intensities below 10 were replaced by 10 and only probesets with at least one signal intensity value >15 were included in further data analysis (24833 probesets).

Zero values from signal below detection limit were replaced by an arbitrary very small value (0.0001) for subsequent PCA.

Values below the LOD were replaced by the LOD divided by the square root of 2 for all analyses (Hornung and Reed 1990).

Values below the LOD were replaced by values within the range [0, LOD] based on a multiple imputation procedure (see "Statistical analysis").

CRP or cytokine levels below the LOD were replaced by the LOD divided by the square root of 2. For 58 subjects, urine samples (N = 162 total) from visits 1 (N = 58), 2 (N = 54), and 3 (N = 50) were analyzed for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG) and 8-isoprostane (isoprostane) as indicators of oxidative stress by Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI).

For the seven most frequently detected PFASs, values below the LOQ were replaced by the LOQ divided by the square root of 2. The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of all seven PFASs were < 10% except PFUnDA (13.1%), and the inter-assay CVs of all seven PFASs were < 15% except PFUnDA (18.7%) and PFHpS (25.2%).

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