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This method is based on the limitation of stresses in the steel profile below the yield limit, and on the use of a simple relationship to account for the connection flexibility.
The plastic deformation happening during the transformation occurs also for loads below the yield limit of pure austenite.
For the load levels considered the stresses are well below the yield limit of the structural steel used in the pipe.
The results also show that even though the applied stresses are below the yield limit of the material, plastic deformation initiates due to the martensitic transformation, i.e. the well-known transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon.
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For temperatures below the martensite start temperature with simultaneous stresses above the yield limit, it is difficult to obtain experimental data.
The maximum stress values are well below the actual material yield limit of 330 N/mm2 (326 N/mm2 for the top mast) and also well below the allowable limit of 230 N/mm2 (227 N/mm2 for the top mast).
The results indicate that the maximum stress of the lever remains below its yield limit.
Since some environmental programs exist which encourage extensive utilization of meadows with subsidies (Isselstein, Jeangros, & Pavlu, 2005), grassland productivity may be below maximum yield limits on some extensively used meadows.
imposed by the code in the serviceability limit state, where member rigidities are based on lightly cracked sections (under bending moments well below the yield values), should be satisfied.
Most samples carrying detectable levels of infectious viruses and many samples in which virus titers were below the detection limit yielded the RT-PCR products.
Nieman et al. [ 40] also reported short integration times, strong fluorescence yield, and both an optical and topographical spatial resolution of 43.8 nm, which is well below the diffraction limit.
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