Smith sent a letter to all stockholders saying the offer was below the true value & recommended they turn it down.
Robin Crockett, a radon expert at the University of Northampton, said: "Somebody could measure radon for a week and show a level about 40% below the true value".
Former residents and business owners were compensated with shares in Solidere, rather than cash, at what many claim was well below the true value.
Coinciding with the release of the new RIAA numbers, RIAA CEO Cary Sherman wrote in a blog post that services like YouTube abuse "legal loopholes to pay creators at rates well below the true value of music".
For all parameter sets considered, <5% of CIs had upper bounds below the true value of k.
The likelihood-based analyses showed less bias with mean estimates around or slightly above the true value of 0.2 and median estimates slightly below the true value.
This upward bias occurred even though many estimates were well below the true value λ = 0.5 kb, as shown in the histogram in Figure 4c.
Table 3 shows, for these three estimators, the proportion of times that their 95% confidence intervals are above or below the true value of μ1.
The bias was particularly severe when s = 0.5, with all of the 1000 MLEs falling below the true value for the standard and Gaussian diffusion approximations (median s ^ values of 0.397 and 0.406, respectively).
Because it tends, on average, to reduce the observable risk below the true value in cohort and case control studies, that is, to induce false-negative results, this effect can be substantial.
