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Measurements of stresses in the bulk of the composite could be obtained using fluorescence from platelets below the specimen surface.
Here, we present techniques that allow imaging of the microvasculature by confocal microscopy, to depths of up to 1500 μm below the specimen surface.
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Above 70 MPa, cracks initiated at the specimen surface in transgranular or intergranular manner due to cyclic slip deformation, while below that stress subsurface crack initiation took place.
Angiogenesis on the specimen surface and the materials degradation were observed after obtaining the specimens.
In addition, in this case the bifurcation is confined to near the specimen free surface, and below the bifurcation plane, the cracks are straight.
Fatigue crack initiation areas (at the specimen's surface or below) are predicted depending on the depth of the hardened material layer.
Reflected light oblique transillumination (RLOT) was obtained by positioning a mirroring surface (reflector) directly below the specimen and tilting its angle relative to the horizontal plane.
Oblique illumination was obtained by positioning a mirroring surface (reflector) directly below the specimen and tilting its angle relative to the horizontal plane.
"It's a different kind of below-the-surface thing.
High-resolution TEM imaging (HREM) shows that RuO2 nanocrystals consistently condense on specimen surfaces, independent of the chemical nature of the specimen below.
Furthermore, 3-D effects are prevalent at distances within approximately 1/2 of the specimen thickness from the edge singularity in the elastic region of the specimen on the free surface and within 1/8 of the specimen thickness below the free surface.
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