Sentence examples for below the sample surface from inspiring English sources

Grain structure and defects below the sample surface are observed non-destructively by this technique.

The technique is employed to examine yielding and twinning in a magnesium grain embedded ∼200 μm below the sample surface.

The Al Cu precipitates and the He bubbles were produced at the same depth region (≈200 nm below the sample surface) by Cu+ and He+ ion implantation followed by furnace annealing in vacuum at temperatures of 200, 250 and 280 °C for 2 5 h.

All Raman experiments were conducted with the same microscope objective (x50, N.A. = 0.5), and the laser light was focused 30 40 μm below the sample surface.

For a propagating Gaussian beam, the z-dependent beam area, A (z ), follows: where z R = π ω 0 2 / λ is the Rayleigh range, ω 0 is the beam waist, and z f o c a l denotes the focal depth below the sample surface (z = 0).

To separate the mirror image intrinsic to Fourier transform-based image processing, the focal plane of the object lens, which was set at the sample surface, was placed below the zero-delay line of the OCT system.

The laser power on the sample surface was always kept below 1 mW to avoid laser heating effects or damage.

The laser power on the sample surface was always kept below 1 mW, in order to obtain acceptable signal to noise ratio and to prevent laser heating effect.

The laser power on the sample surface was always kept below 5 mW to obtain the best signal-to-noise ratio, preventing a laser heating of the investigated sample.

The calcium hardness of the sampled surface water varied from 30.74 to 100.26 mg/L, with a mean of 55.15 mg/L, while magnesium hardness ranged between 21.02 and 68.31 mg/L, with a mean of 37.16 mg/L All the analysed surface water samples were below the WHO permissible limit of 200 mg/L for magnesium hardness.

The drying dynamics then results from vapor diffusion through the less porous layers of crystal accumulation below the sample free surface.