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Daily doses remained below the reference dose in only 12% of beta-lactam prescriptions, most frequently for meropenem (6/20; 30%), followed by cefotaxime (3/30; 10%).
Of the 94 low-dose studies reporting significant effects, 31 published studies have reported effects caused by doses of BPA at and below the reference dose of 50 μg/kg/day.
In vivo estrogenic activity of BPA was reported in 94 of the studies reviewed, and 31 reported effects caused by doses of BPA at or below the reference dose of 50 μg/kg/day.
This is in marked contrast to the fetal CD-1 mouse prostate (Gupta 2000; Timms et al. 2005), testes (Kawai et al. 2003), mammary glands (Markey et al. 2001a), and brain (Palanza et al. 2002), which all respond to doses of BPA at and far below the reference dose of 50 μg/kg/day.
Simulations of trials with either the prespecified number of events (350) or the observed one (372) indicated that no dose below the reference dose of 1,250 mg/m capecitabine had 80% power to show noninferiority to the reference dose level (power ranging from 61% for 850 mg/m to 72% for 1,000 mg/m).
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Daily exposure doses of Cr, As, and Cd were all below the reference doses.
· The reference dose level is 5 mSv.
If regulatory agencies were to determine that the actual LOAEL for BPA is below the current reference dose of 50 μg/kg/day, the 15 corporations that manufacture BPA would be affected economically (Burridge 2003).
The findings by Nagel et al. (1997) raised a critical question: Why were the estrogenic effects that they observed below the current reference dose not predicted based on traditional toxicologic studies that focused on the toxic effects of very high doses of BPA (Morrissey et al. 1987)?
A large number of them have demonstrated deleterious effects below the established reference dose.
Because these doses are below the current reference dose, this finding received a considerable amount of attention.
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