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Intakes of nutrients were compared with Dietary Reference Values, and only for zinc was the top quintile on NMES associated with mean intake below the Estimated Average Requirement for 1 4 years.
It was reported to be especially disturbing in the case of iron and zinc which intakes fell below the Estimated Average Requirement in children who exceeded 24% of energy from non-milk extrinsic sugars [ 2].
Using this framework, the prevalence of dietary inadequacy can be estimated for most nutrients as the proportion of a population's usual nutrient intake distribution that falls below the estimated average requirement (EAR).
Roman Vinas et al. reported that between 31% and 47% of an adult and elderly population during 1997 1998 had an intake of Se below the estimated average requirement.
Canadian nutrition survey in 2004 data showed that percentages of adult women 19 years or over with a usual intake below the estimated average requirement were 35.8% for vitamin A, 16.7% for vitamin C and 14.0% for zinc [ 47].
Dietary surveys assessing total daily Cu intake from food and water in Chile have revealed that 16.4% of men and 33.3% of women between 20 and 60 years of age are below the estimated average requirements (Olivares et al. 2004).
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If it is assumed that all the Cr on a child's hands is ingested, the measured value is below the maximum estimated average daily intake of total Cr, approximately 1.5 μg/kg and 0.9 μg/kg, for Canadian children in the age ranges 0.5 4 and 5 11 years, respectively [ Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) 1999].
However when these strategies were combined (Scenario 3), a 67%% reduction in both sodium content of bread and discretionary salt intake could reduce sodium intake to below the UL (estimated average intake 2060 mg Na and 127 μg I/day).
A recent review of studies investigating the intake of micronutrients among women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries has found that in Asia, intakes of several micronutrients were frequently below the WHO/FAO Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).
Their calcium intakes were well below the Institute of Medicine's estimated average daily requirements of 500 mg and 800 mg for children 1 3 years of age and 4 8 years of age, respectively.
From assessment of the prisoners dietary data, median intakes of calcium (137 mg), potassium (677 mg), magnesium (182 mg), riboflavin (0.308 mg), vitamin A (54.1 μg), vitamin E (1.68 mg), vitamin C (5.7 mg) and folate (76.4 μg) were found to be below estimated average requirements (EAR).
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