The detectable size and the probability of detection depend on sample size, the number of concentration points, and their allocation.
(In this model, success is defined as the tumor colony staying below a detectable size for at least 50 years).
The shale is modeled as a triple porosity system comprising: first, natural and induced fractures; second, kerogen-hosted pores of approximately 25 nm diameter (as are typically observed in SEM images); and third, kerogen-hosted pores of approximately 1 nm diameter (which are below the size detectable by SEM but are typically observed in X-ray diffraction and gas adsorption experiments).
Rare variants with larger effect sizes (OR, ≥2), but present at frequencies below the detectable threshold of GWAS (<5%), have been hypothesized to explain part of this "missing" genetic effect [ 8, 9].
However, VHSV is below the detectable limits of laboratory tests in natural seawater.
Suspended solid concentrations measured in the effluent were below the detectable levels.
The mean concentration in fish was, however, below the detectable limit, with the highest concentration of 0.97 mg/kg measured.
Resonant Raman spectroscopy thus provides large changes in the intensity of prominent features even when the dopant concentration is below the detectable limit of EELS (0.05 0.1 at.%).
Our simulations also suggest that the DBCP loading to the water table, resulting from the legacy of the chemical's use, is currently well below the detectable limit.
The VEGF level in the serum samples was below the detectable levels.
