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As discussed below, effect sizes of this magnitude are observable in expression datasets.
The procedure can be repeated with infinitesimally small doses below effect thresholds; as long as there are sufficiently high numbers of chemicals present simultaneously, combination effects should result.
Thus, combination effects should also result from agents present at or even below effect thresholds, provided sufficiently large numbers of components sum up to a sufficiently high total effect dose.
This means that agents present at doses below effect thresholds (i.e., zero effect levels) will not contribute to the joint effect of the mixture, and if this condition is fulfilled for all components there will be no combination effect.
"Something from nothing" effects should occur even when individual toxicants are present at doses below effect thresholds, provided sufficiently large numbers of components sum up to a suitably high total-effect dose.
In Mk-EN, the earliest component was recorded with largest amplitude (mean −2.770 μV, standard deviation (SD) 0.196; mean across 4 pre-craniotomy recording sessions, used for further comparison with 4 post-craniotomy recording sessions, see below " Effect of craniotomy on left median nerve SSEPs") at 6.9 ms (mean, SD 0.258) (Fig. 3b, c pre) at a contralateral occipital electrode (e32).
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Additionally, as we show below, the effect of duration in the USA on immigrant wage growth varies greatly by age-on-arrival.
Even if federal law had something to say about the scope of state judicial authority to construe state legislation, which it does not, the decision below effected no "change" in Florida law "which cannot be reconciled with state statutes enacted before the election".
Concentrations of PAHs in the study area were below effects low-range, suggesting a low risk to organisms and limited transfer of PAHs into food web.
The PAH concentrations in the study area were below effects low-range, ranging from 100 856 ng g-1, indicating little toxicity to organisms.
The antinociceptive effect of each NASHA dose was calculated for each testing day using the mechanical thresholds (MT) from the injected knee (also see below): Effects were logarithmically plotted against the NASHA dose used.
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