Even where experiments demonstrate that transmission is possible, it may not occur in nature for a variety of behavioral or social reasons, because the population is below critical community size or because of constraints of pathogen life history.
The critical sizes below which the ferroelectricity disappears for the nanowire and thin film are estimated to be around 1.4 nm.
An embryo below a critical size is unstable.
Below a critical size, Dc, one of the bulk metastable phases becomes thermodynamically favored.
The electrode design using mechanical scaffolds must retain tin particles below the critical size and concurrently enable high volumetric capacity.
Below this critical size, transport of DOM is MW dependent and two major types of transport were identified.
A trap can lead to extinction if a population falls below a critical size threshold before adaptation to the novel environment occurs.
Below this critical size, crystallization kinetics is described by the KJMA equation and above the critical size by the Hixson Crowell equation.
By keeping the precipitate groups below a critical size and increasing their density, the strength and thermal stability of the alloy are expected to be improved.
It was unveiled that above a critical grain size of ∼40 nm, the solid solution hardening becomes the predominant strengthening mechanism, while below this critical size the source strengthening becomes the predominant one in BCC NbMoTaW HEAs.
