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In the case of physical development, the development nucleus obviates the excess surface free energy associated with addition of silver(0) to particles below a threshold size.
In smaller populations, we find that below a threshold size, which depends on the width of the fitness valley and the strength of selection against intermediate genotypes, valley-crossing is much less likely and hence the evolutionary dynamics are less influenced by distant regions of the fitness landscape.
Image strips that were below a threshold size (< 25 B-scans in width) were discarded, as the amount of information contained within would be too small for accurate registration.
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Preliminary investigations in the presence of the smallest micro-notches seem to indicate the presence of a threshold size below which the influence of a small notch is comparable with that of material inherent defects, but further testing is necessary.
There is a threshold size of the initial spatial domain for a successful invasion below which invasion can fail.
(1) There is a threshold size for the IU such that reductions in the IU below that threshold lead to steep increases in the necessary ED capacity in order to meet the same targets.
Small, highly variable populations are considered more likely to get below a threshold population size where they go extinct.
Below a threshold group size it is not only hard to capture the prey but to defend it against hyenas [ 50].
Alumina sols below this threshold size lead to polymerization within the gel and formation of much more dense alumina structures.
Gomulkiewicz and Holt (1995) did not consider density-dependent effects but assumed that extinction risk was elevated below a threshold, critical population size (Nc).
Attending to this study, the majority of Spanish populations are currently below these threshold sizes; approximately 90% of the occupied patches are smaller than 1800 ha and half of them cover <300 ha (range 20 5000 ha).
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