The kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency ν of the radiation, not on its intensity; for a given metal, there is a threshold frequency ν0 below which no electrons are emitted.
If transmission is complete then the Wolbachia-infection will go to fixation, if t<1, however, a threshold frequency will exist below which Wolbachia cannot invade.
Specifically, there is a threshold frequency of ∼0.01 Hz, below which SFs are able to self-adjust in order to maintain SF stretch at a set-point value.
For these cells, the model predicted a threshold frequency of 0.01 Hz below which SFs no longer respond to matrix stretch, and a saturation frequency of 1 Hz above which no additional SF alignment would occur.
In the frequency spectrum of the lowest mode of oscillation for glycerol at the highest Reynolds number, no response is observed below the threshold frequency corresponding to the viscous dissipation time scale.
Below a threshold value of scaled frequency of 0.005, SFs do not become significantly oriented in response to cyclic stretch.
A way to at least partly overcome these deficiencies is to cut off all rare species or weak interactions below a frequency threshold [ 3, 9, 33, 34] or to control for sampling effort in null models [ 7, 8, 13, 19, 25, 35].
Therefore, the set includes not only the haplotypes with frequencies greater than a threshold, but also those with frequencies below a threshold.
The conditions required to trigger a SIPS and cause it to operate can include events (e.g. the loss of a line), the system response (e.g. the measured frequency being below a threshold), or a combination thereof.
