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Among various nonlinear optical phenomena, the optical limiting (OL) effect represents an important one for its possible exploitation in the protection of light-sensitive elements which must operate below a safety threshold of light intensity.
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Probabilistic safety requirements currently formulated or proposed for space systems, nuclear reactor systems, nuclear weapon systems, and other types of systems that have a low-probability potential for high-consequence accidents depend on showing that the probability of such accidents is below a specified safety threshold or goal.
The economy is in recession and foreign-currency reserves have tumbled below the safety threshold of three months' worth of imports.Russia can also apply pressure on other fronts, such as gas.
If the currents are already limited below the safety threshold, the algorithm terminates.
By limiting the short circuit currents below the safety threshold, the security of power systems is guaranteed.
Only a few showed trace amounts of dispersants residue (13 of the 1,735) and they were well below the safety threshold of 100 parts per million for finfish and 500 parts per million for shrimp, crabs and oysters.
Thus, the optimal planning results can not only satisfy N-1 security of transmission systems, but also limit the short circuit currents below the safety threshold.
The case study shows that it can be achieved via the proposed approach that N-1 security is satisfied and short circuit currents are limited below the safety threshold after expansion planning.
Since the level of short circuit currents is not restricted in M1, the result of M1 cannot guarantee that the short circuit currents are limited below the safety threshold.
This objective function implies that the transmission network expansion planning is optimized in such a way that the power system will satisfy N-1 security, and the short circuit currents will be limited below the safety threshold with minimal construction costs.
According to the results shown in Fig. 4, the short circuit currents of the result of M1 exceed the safety threshold, which further indicates that unreasonable transmission network expansion planning cannot ensure that short circuit currents are below the safety threshold.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com