The lowest value in the standard curve for each cytokine was 15.625, 19.531, and 15.625 pg/mL for MIP-2, TNF-α, and IL-6, respectively, and all values below these lowest values were replaced with a fixed value of one-half of the lowest value.
Values below standard range of the assay were set to a fixed value based on the four-parameter fit of the standard curve of each run.
When there was a competing species with a fixed value of μ, the value of μ evolved to be above or below the mean for the single species mean depending on whether the value of μ for the competitor was below, or above the single-species mean, respectively.
For a fixed value of, solve (23.a).
For a fixed value, we take and.
The presentation time was set to a fixed value chosen for each CP participant individually as an estimate of the time that he/she would need to give correct answers 90% of the time if tested with frontal face images (see below for details of the estimation process).
Right truncation is observed when events above a fixed value (c r ) are not counted, whereas left truncation occurs when the censoring affects counts below a set value (c l ).
This can be treated numerically by choosing a threshold ray spacing below which we assign a fixed value to I x, δ, Δf) in Eq. (2).
Simple (ad hoc) approaches to address the left-censored data are to delete the value below the LLD or impute a fixed value such as one-half of the LLD or the LLD itself.
Instead, we use a fixed value for.
In response, many towns set a fixed value on trade dollars.
