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High-dimensional compositional data, multivariate observations carrying relative information, frequently contain values below a detection limit (rounded zeros).
In a bi(multi variate analysis, there are two categories of observational selection effects: 1) TruncationWe do not know if a source would exist below a detection limit.
We show how it is treated in the likelihood function in Section 4. TruncationWe do not know if a source would exist below a detection limit.
Specifically, we omitted those that had a majority (>90%) of the observations below a detection limit threshold as defined by in the NHANES codebook.
The samples were found to contain levels of mercury ranging from below a detection limit of 0.005 to 0.570 micrograms mercury per gram of high fructose corn syrup.
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The results are expressed as ng Mip-1α/ml with a detection limit below 6 pg/ml (n.d. = not detectable (below detection limit)).
A detection limit of below 0.1% (v/v) is estimated for the methane sensing element.
Both antibodies exhibited the same IC50 at 1.5 ng mL−1 with a detection limit below 0.5 ng mL−1.
For the HIV data, we achieved a detection limit well below this local error rate using ShoRAH alone, validating our argument.
Nevertheless, based on Hall measurement, it is clear that the H-doped a-IGZO HECL layer has a much higher bulk carrier mobility (at 14.6 cm2/Vs) than that in as-deposited a-IGZO (below detection limit at approximately 0.01 cm2/Vs).
For subjects with a level below the detection limit, we used a value equal to half the detection limit (Longnecker et al. 2000).
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