Because CGRP is rapidly increased in the joint during AIA development, we believe that the activation of neurons by IL-6 and the CGRP release are linked.
In ICCs, it is believed that the activation of calcium-activated chloride channels produces a pacemaker potential [ 11].
Dr. Christoph Westphal, Sirtris's chief executive, replied to this objection with a question, "Is it too good to be true that when you are young you get no disease?" Dr. Westphal said he believed that the activation of sirtuins was what kept the body healthy in youth, but that these enzymes became less powerful with age.
It is believed that the activation of Al2O3 by the water pretreatment demonstrated in Figure 8 is caused by the very same effect.
It is believed that the activation of MAPK cascade requires a scaffold protein that assembles the MAPKKK, MAPKK, and MAPK proteins together into a certain signaling module (75).
Both these behaviors are believed to involve the activation of the GR by glucocorticoids [6].
The universal feature of the TNF pathway conserved in evolution and among different human tissues is believed to be the activation of NF-kappa-B transcription factor [17].
The infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joints is believed to initiate the activation of synovial cells and subsequent hyperplasia of the synovial lining, which eventually leads to destruction of the cartilage and bone in arthritic joints [ 3, 49, 50].
Accumulation and presentation of AC-derived nuclear and membrane autoantigens in lymphoid organs are believed to drive the activation of autoreactive B and T cells, leading to production of antinuclear and antiphospholipoprotein autoantibodies.
Proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, proteases, and ROS, are believed to promote the activation of cell death executioners (for example, caspase) that are responsible for the neuronal loss and apoptosis that ultimately culminate in permanent neurological deficits.
