This is in marked contrast to the development of medicines, where vast sums are spent to develop and refine the product, in terms of dosage, presentation, and mode of administration before it ever gets near a patient.
Currently, large efforts are spent to develop standards and architectures useful to achieve more effective interoperability among medical information systems.
European governments have paid Airbus 5.7 billion euros, which the company says has already been spent, to develop the A400M.
Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain and Turkey have paid Airbus €5.7 billion, which the company says has already been spent, to develop the A400M.
To date, nearly $1 billion has been spent to develop, launch and operate the satellites, which orbit at a height of about 400 miles and photograph the whole earth.
The industry has defended the high prices of treatments in part by highlighting the billions of dollars that must be spent to develop new drugs.
This premise is the basis of worldwide efforts that have been spent to develop increasingly sophisticate fabrication techniques to control the scaffold microarchitecture and build efficient synthetic analogues of extracellular matrix.
"The feature is one of Amazon.com's signature strategies for differentiating itself from the competition and building loyalty among its customers," says the lawsuit, which estimates that several millions were spent to develop the technology.
But cardiologist Nilesh Samani of the University of Leicester in the U.K. says that the Danish group took "a fine approach" that can be applied to other biomarkers, especially before hundreds of millions of dollars are spent to develop drugs that target a molecule that may not in fact be causing a disease.
