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Finally, owing to this investigation being an ecological study, we cannot exclude that we could not identify and consider some potential confounding variables.
Fourthly, owing to this investigation being an ecological study, although we emphasized the impact of climate, we could not exclude potential confounding factors.
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The study conducted by Pompili et al., instead, is an ecological study and it is subject to the limitations inherent ecological designs, thus cannot directly link individual exposures and effects.
This was an ecological study, and consequently, any causal relationship between tobacco control policies and the outcomes assessed (smoking prevalence, self-reported SHS exposure, and attitudes towards smoking bans) is difficult to establish.
This is an ecological study.
However, this was an ecological study, so we must recognize the possibility of ecological fallacy.
This study is an ecological study and thus has significant limitations with respect to causal inference.
Only 1 (Rahman et al. 2007) of the 5 prospective cohort designs was an ecological study.
This is an ecological study, and therefore some bias due to exposure misclassification may be inevitable.
This was an ecological study, analysing characteristics and risk at the ward rather than individual level.
This is an ecological study of suicides in Kentucky counties (n = 120) from January 1 , 1999to December 31 , 2008
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