AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a central regulator of energy homeostasis that is activated by physiological regulators associated with health and longevity.
In human embryonic carcinoma cells, the MIE promoter of HCMV is activated by physiological levels of retinoic acid [44].
Human L cells survived in mixed primary colonic epithelial cultures and were activated by physiological stimuli.
By comparison, the apparent kcatBSH of FosB Sa when it is activated by physiological concentrations of Mn2+ (∼10 μM) is 5.98 s–1, a >35-fold increase.
This suggests that A1 and A2A may be the major ARs that are activated by physiological levels of extracellular adenosine within the CNS.
The mTORC1 pathway has been related to the regulation of protein synthesis, cardiac function, myocardial response to stress, and myocyte survival (Zhang et al, 2010), and it has been shown to be activated by physiological hypertrophy and inactivated by pressure overload (Kemi et al, 2008).
In human and rodents, FFAR2 has been described as a receptor specific of small-chain fatty acids (1 6 carbon chain length), so that it is activated by physiological concentrations of volatile FFAs acetate, propionate, and butyrate which are gut-microbiote-derived bacterial fermentation products (for review, Hara et al. 2013).
The transcription factor NF-κB is an example of distinct redox-sensitive activation and DNA binding [57]; it is activated by various physiological stimuli known to produce ROS; on the contrary, to permit DNA binding, similar to Fos, Jun, and Nrf2, cysteine residue within DNA binding domain must be reduced.
The UPR is activated by various physiological conditions as well as in disease states, such as cancer.
This facet is more easily detected when tetherin signaling is activated by its physiological ligand (viral particles) rather than by transient overexpression.
