Previous studies have found that moderate drinkers and even drinking more than recommended amounts is associated with having fewer functional limitations., These levels of drinking may be a proxy marker of well-being, in that these participants may be relatively active and able to engage in a sociable habit.
It is more likely that staging is a proxy marker of overall quality in the patient management process.
The ibuprofen use in the latter studies, however, could equally have been a proxy marker for more severe illness.
CTVB of final residence appears to be a proxy marker of mortality risk and could be a valuable indicator of health needs resource at household level.
If our assumption is correct that the discharge medication represents individuals' optimum prescribing, these combinations would be a proxy marker for efficacy and were likely to be associated with positive clinical benefit.
To investigate the possibility of vulnerable subgroups, we modeled interactions between noise and individual-level variables including higher trait anxiety scores, which may be a proxy marker of noise sensitivity, sex, marital status, occupational status, and obesity.
Length of stay is a proxy marker of clinical recovery, with those participants experiencing the poorest recovery and the greatest in-hospital complications, expected to have the longest hospital stays after CABG.
Crystallised intelligence may be considered a proxy marker for exposure to intellectual activity, and determining whether this may have been confounded by association with higher physical activity might have been useful.
Length of stay is likely to be affected by a variety of clinical and non-clinical factors and therefore we would emphasise that this outcome measure is only a proxy marker of physical recovery.
Therefore, we hypothesise that the measurement of CD4 cell count alone is serving as a proxy marker for impaired humoral immunity and that it is the latter which may be truly responsible for the predisposition of HIV infected patients to acquire C. difficile disease.
