Based on these results, it has been suggested that RGS14 may be a direct effector of Rap in vivo.
These data indicate that Kog1 is a direct effector of Gtr2.
ROK-α is a direct effector of the Rho GTPase, which is activated by binding to active Rho [ 63].
Furthermore, Atg16L1 appears to be a direct effector of Rab26 and binds Rab26 in its GTP-bound form, albeit only with low affinity.
It seems unlikely, therefore, that CLN3 is a direct effector of the antioxidant response but provides a constituent activity that is necessary to mount a response to increased levels of oxidative stress.
Recently, Dictyostelium ElmoE has been reported to be a direct Gβγ effector (Yan et al., 2012).
The Akt protein kinase, comprised of 3 isoforms (Akt1, 2 and 3), is a direct downstream effector of PI3K, which becomes fully activated by phosphorylation at the T308 and S473 sites [ 2, 3].
PLCE1 is known to be a direct downstream effector of small GTPases (Ras, Rap1 and Rap2), with the presence of two Ras-associating domains at its C terminus and a CDC25 guanine exchange factor (CDC25 gef) domain at its N terminus [ 11, 23- 25].
This suggests a largely indirect effect, i.e. that the RNAi target is not actually a direct effector of kinetoplast segregation.
In general, OPG is not only a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL as described in the literature but may be also considered as a direct effector of osteoclast functions.
