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Where reciprocal altruism is referred to below, it should be remembered that the behaviours in question are only altruistic in the short-term.
Surely this means that the behaviours in question are only 'apparently' altruistic, for they are ultimately the result of genic self-interest?
So long as the behaviours in question have a genetical component, i.e. are influenced to some extent by one or more genetic factor, then the theories can apply.
But we do not know for certain that this is the case, because we do not have any independent, objective source of information on the behaviours in question: we have only compared and triangulated different sets of self-reported data and assessed participants' explanations of the discrepancies.
Finally, quantitative genetic modelling does not go beyond the extent to which genetic factors influence behavioural traits, that is they are not informative about specific genes or specific environmental factors affecting the behaviours in question.
Similar(55)
The behaviour in question centred on his workaholic, 18-hour day tendencies.
Here, too, lies another truth about UB: all too frequently the behaviour in question is what the complainant appeared to sign up for.
One of the curious things about this scandal, as suggested above, is that the behaviour in question isn't the most horrible thing imaginable.
What is even more shocking is that in the case of the BBC, the general public, 52% of whom are women, pay a licence fee to endorse the behaviour in question.
Explanations of human behaviour typically appeal to the subject's beliefs and desires, as well as other facts about him, and proceed on the assumption that the behaviour in question is rational (at least to a minimum degree).
The second is that making such links draws attention away from the real causal factors of the behaviour in question, factors whose roots lie deep in the socialisation process (or lack of it) and which raise uncomfortable questions about the kind of society in which we live.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com