Mindfulness has been described as third wave in cognitive-behavioural interventions [ 14] and is successfully incorporated in different cognitive-behavioural oriented treatments, e. g. for relapse prevention in depression [ 15].
Our findings support the hypothesis that the hypothalamic nuclei organise oriented escape behavioural responses whereas non-oriented escape is elaborated by dPAG neurons.
These co-interventions that also can be applied to the surgical patient group are biomedical, psychologically oriented (cognitive behavioural therapy), and socio-occupational interventions (return-to-work program).
The comparison of the agreement scores on the scales for the behavioural processes and the scales for the cognitive affective processes suggest that the DR programmes are strongly behaviour-oriented.
Besides, although the cognitive-behavioural oriented model was developed for persistence of pain, the concept of avoidance behaviour may also be applicable in patients reporting other complaints, such as tingling.
Non-recovery in complaints of arm, neck and shoulder may be explained through the cognitive-behavioural oriented model for persistence of pain [ 12]; this model has been validated in chronic low back pain.
The model here differs from conventional approaches: it is much shorter than cognitive behavioural therapy but longer and less psychologically oriented than reattribution.
However, studies in this review and which satisfied this definition include some which randomised abstainers and provided behavioural treatments [ 9, 10] and/or drug treatments used for extended periods [ 11, 12] and studies which randomised smokers and provided behavioural RPIs to help prevent relapse alongside standard cessation oriented therapy [ 13, 14].
As we mentioned before, in DEUSM, the written problem used in PBL sessions are oriented to biological as well as social and behavioural objectives.
Practicable coaching models are behavioural coaching based on the GROW model [57], a coaching model oriented to searching for solutions [60], and integrative coaching [61, 62].
Another publication showed that 20 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy, led by nurses or educational therapists in PHC and oriented towards educating and motivating the patients, reduced fatal and non-fatal CHD by 41%, and also improved future optimism [ 26].
