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Pain measurement in nonverbal older adults is best based on behavioural observation, e.g. using an observational measurement tool such as Doloplus-2.
Non-verbal assessment tools based on behavioural observation methods include observation of changes in behaviour and functioning, involving sleep, appetite, physical activity, mobility and facial/body language.
Pain assessment tools based on behavioural observation methods include observation of changes in behaviour and functioning involving, for instance, sleep, appetite, physical activity, mobility and facial/body language [ 14, 16].
Probably the best way to measure non-technical skills is by systematic direct behavioural observation because observations have the advantage of measuring behaviour as it actually occurs.
Doloplus-2 is a nonverbal assessment tool based on behavioural observation methods, with focus on changes from patients' normal behaviour.
Finally, it should be noted that the vast majority of the short partial seizures we observed in both rats and humans are difficult to detect by simple behavioural observation or by scalp EEG.
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Rubbing/scratching, nibbling and bruxism were graded from 0 4 (0 = never observed in a four-week interval, 1 = observed once, 2 = observed for up to 50% of the behavioural observations, 3 = observed for more than 50% of the behavioural observations).
For the statistical analysis of behavioural observations only behaviours occurring in more than 10% of the approaches were used.
Third, our behavioural observations, based on frequency of observed courtship, might not capture investment in the intensity or quality of courtship.
Second, during the next three days we performed behavioural observations to characterise the behaviour of dominant and subordinate salmon in the absence of competing rainbow trout.
During behavioural observations the birds did not show more stress-related behaviours towards short-term than towards long-term experimenters.
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