In other circumstances, time trend effects can be caused by learning effects of the test subjects in behavioural and life sciences, heating or ageing of material in prototype experiments, etc.
We examined behavioural and life history responses in the bellbird to changing nest predation risk on differing time scales.
It has, for example, been established that the phenology of large-scale bird migration systems has changed in response to climate change, likely as a result of both plastic behavioural and life history responses as well as evolutionary ones [5].
The two male morphs differ in various morphological, physiological, behavioural and life history traits.
Other assessment included questionnaire data measuring emotional and behavioural problems, life events, coping style, self-related cognitions, perceived parenting style and school environment, and size and efficiency of the social network.
Organisms can respond to changes in salinity through plastic responses involving molecular (e.g. gene expression), physiological, morphological, behavioural or life history trait changes, without genotypic changes occurring through selection [ 24].
Further analyses of available behavioural and life history data would allow us to test these possibilities and gain a better understanding of how sexual selection and senescence interact in this population.
Comparisons included questionnaire data regarding emotional and behavioural problems, life events, coping style, self-related cognitions, perceived parenting style, perceived school environment, and size and efficiency of the social network.
Behavioural or life history decisions induce changes in the state of the organism (where state can represent physical aspects of the organism, such as its energy reserves, or other changeable properties of the individual, such as its number of successful matings) [ 1, 2].
The three groups were compared across questionnaires measuring emotional and behavioural problems, life-events, self-related cognitions, perceived parental behaviour, and perceived school environment.
