Importantly, hormones can have pleiotropic and often antagonistic effects on morphological, physiological and behavioural characters [4].
Indeed, predation clearly appears to be an important factor for the selection of morphological and behavioural characters [1], [2].
In the present study, we extend analysis of male-limited evolved populations to behavioural characters involved in courtship, mating and feeding activity.
The present experiments confirm the hypothesis that behavioural characters related to reproductive success evolve rapidly when one sex is removed from the gene pool.
Hence, this method combines the primary data (molecular, morphological and behavioural characters) into a single analysis.
Usually, phylogenetic studies deal with behavioural characters and score the presence or absence of a given display.
Based on morphological and behavioural characters several contradictory intra-generic phylogenetic hypotheses have been proposed [for a review see [ 10]].
Overall, the rate of evolution of both morphological and behavioural characters was rather low, as indicated in Figure 3 for antennal coiling.
As a result of selection for traits that influence the fitness of each sex, males and females can differ dramatically, displaying sexual dimorphism in a range of physiological or behavioural characters [ 18- 20].
Mutual grooming, head butting, inquisitive attitudes or the habit to scratch shoulders against hard surfaces, are typical behavioural characters of goats that increase the risk of contagion [ 4, 39], and other factors may have played a role in the evolution of this CLA outbreak as well.
