Retributive justice, response to criminal behaviour that focuses on the punishment of lawbreakers and the compensation of victims.
Paul Druckman, who heads up the International Integrated Reporting Council, said: "We know that reporting influences behaviour, so corporate reporting reform should encourage behaviour that focuses on longer-term value creation in order to achieve financial stability and sustainability".
Restorative justice, response to criminal behaviour that focuses on lawbreaker restitution and the resolution of the issues arising from a crime in which victims, offenders, and the community are brought together to restore the harmony between the parties.
Unlike much research on health behaviour that focuses on the experiences of ill individuals [ 22], this work broadens the current understanding of what generally healthy adults do for their health, and, most importantly, how these experiences are perceived by them.
The TDF is based on behaviour change theories that carry assumptions about the relationship between cognitions and behaviour, and that focus on individual-level beliefs and attitudes in relation to a discrete behaviour.
That's why the guidance recommends alternative approaches, such as positive behaviour support, that focus on improving quality of life as well as meeting needs and reducing distress.
For example, while companies in the oil and alcohol industries may have significant influence on legislation, media, and individual behaviour, organizations that focus on environmental, health, or education concerns are not able to wield such influence and often fail to receive appropriate recognition for their efforts.
Nudging suggests an approach to behaviour change that focuses on altering environmental cues to prompt healthier behaviour, e.g. making non-smoking more visible through mass-media campaigns, instead of regulating, e.g. ban smoking in public places.
"Existing approaches that focus on individual, voluntary, behaviour change and technological innovations are not sufficient to tackle poor air quality.
In criminology research the current explanatory hypotheses on the links between victimization and revictimization are the population heterogeneity hypothesis, that focus on stable individual characteristics that make the person more accessible to violence, and the state dependent hypothesis, that focus on changes in behaviour after victimization [ 27].
