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First, lekking behaviour may have evolved as a result of female preference.
Instead, policing behaviour may have evolved in these species because the costs of worker reproduction reduce the inclusive fitness of workers (cost hypothesis) [ 4, 32, 33].
In some crustaceans, increased release of urine occurs during aggressive interactions between males [ 50- 52], suggesting that linking urine signals to aggressive behaviour may have evolved independently in different taxa of aquatic animals.
A reduction in pathogen sequences present among kokanee collected in shore-spawning habitats suggests the possibility that shore-spawning behaviour may have evolved, in part, as a way to reduce the pathogen load.
Similar(56)
Darwin's suggestion is that the altruistic behaviour in question may have evolved by a process of between-group selection.
We suggest that the four feeding behaviours observed are typical of walruses in general, although walruses in other parts of their range may have evolved other types of feeding behaviour.
While it may have evolved as a way to avoid disease, disgust can guide our manners and behaviour, and even our politics.
Although the study only looked at ungulates, it seems reasonable to assume that grooming behaviours across the animal kingdom – from big cats licking themselves to primates picking the parasites from their skin– may have evolved in a similar way.
Beyond this coincidental side effect of beer consumption, mosquitoes may have evolved preferences for people who recently consumed beer - possibly due to reduced host defensive behaviours or highly nutritious blood-meals.
Alternatively, they may have evolved in different species independently.
How such a mechanism may have evolved is discussed.
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