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Controlled experiments enable manipulation of single behaviour change methods and individual parameters for effectiveness.
In order to acquire a robust evidence base for our toolbox of behaviour change methods, and given the limitations of doing meta-analyses of behaviour change intervention evaluations, it is necessary to incorporate experimental tests in the evidence-building process.
Based on inconsistent findings in the success rate of such techniques, any intervention development must focus on the specific behaviour change methods and theory which may be relevant in order to achieve optimal results [ 20].
A second approach is to take adherence to the presumed parameters for effectiveness, method co-occurrence (i.e., interactions between behaviour change methods) and contextual factors into account by modelling them in the analyses.
The present paper contributes to providing more insight into the systematic development of interventions and a more proper and detailed description of the behaviour change methods and strategies used, as has recently been called for [ 41].
In addition to these challenges, we would like to emphasise that this paper aims to outline a general protocol that enables establishing the effectiveness of behaviour change methods and studying the parameters of effectiveness that govern each method's effectiveness.
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The analyses revealed that there was considerable overlap in the behaviour change methods delivered to intervention and control groups, which strongly increased as the 'control group capacity' increased (the total number of behaviour change methods offered to control groups; r =.68, p <.001; overlap ranged from 0%to50%0% of the behaviour change methods in the intervention manuals).
In this way, also meta-analyses of behaviour change interventions can contribute to the evidence-base on behaviour change methods (i.e., what works and under what parameters?), by verifying whether adherence to sets of parameters as derived from current best evidence indeed results in more effective behaviour change interventions in practice.
Thus, although a versatile and potentially powerful toolbox of behaviour change methods is emerging, there is a strong need for more systematic evidence regarding which methods work and under which conditions.
In sum, meta-analyses of behaviour change interventions that do not take into account the parameters for effectiveness run the risk of drawing the wrong or overly simplistic conclusions regarding the effectiveness of behaviour change methods, which in turn may adversely influence intervention developers and practitioners.
Parameters for effectiveness of behaviour change methods: the characteristics that a practical application must manifest for it to accurately reflect the theoretical method.
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