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Multidisciplinary approaches to offending behaviour and substance use are also required.
A broader focus and measuring other child outcomes, most notably disruptive behaviour and substance use may be informative.
One school of thought argues that both risky sexual behaviour and substance use are examples of risk-taking behaviours and constitute deviance that share common causes [ 8- 10].
Although the use of a web-based questionnaire is likely to have reduced social desirability bias [ 28], sensitive information on sexual behaviour and substance use were self-reported and could be prone to such bias.
According to the present systematic literature review, disruptive behaviour and substance use disorders seemed to be the most impeding for educational attainment whereas internalizing disorders had a weaker effect on school dropout.
Grade 8 adolescents (N = 474, ages 12 15 years, mean = 14.14 years) recruited from Cape Town schools completed surveys providing information about their sociodemographic backgrounds, dating experience, sexual behaviour, and substance use.
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Cross-sectional studies showed that aggressors are at increased risk for school problems, assaultive behaviours, and substance use [ 35].
The first study examined the efficacy of the Healthy Living Program in reducing sexual risk behaviours and substance use among adults with HIV who were marginally housed as a subgroup analysis of a larger (n = 767) sample of adults with HIV [ 97].
The discussion on casual connections between behaviour, health and substance use has traditionally been focused on alcohol and drug's negative effects on health [ 14, 15].
It was generally found that incarcerated African-American youths have lower rates of psychiatric disorders such as disruptive behaviour disorder and substance use disorder, and lower rates of co-morbidity than Caucasians [ 1, 21].
The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the test-retest reliability of selected indicators from the HBSC questionnaire measuring physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep, and substance use in a Chinese population.
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