111, 115 Together with family studies proposing consultation behavior is learnt and highly associated with somatization, 97, 99, 116 this suggests that IBS is one expression of an underlying tendency toward functional disease.
This case of a lack of innate behavior toward LIN on the one hand and effective learnability on the other hand raises the question whether also PAR as solvent may, despite being ineffective in innate behavior (supplementary Figure 1A), nevertheless support learnt behavior.
Research in typical development is similarly suggesting that many tools for early learning, such as gaze following and other forms of joint attention, may emerge as learnt behaviors, with later attainments building on foundations that are laid down early in development (Corkum & Moore, 1998; Mareschal et al., 2007; Triesch, Teuscher, Deak, & Carlson, 2006).
We therefore speculate that the dissociation between innate relative preference on the one hand and associative learnability on the other hand may come about by innate preference behavior being steered via the direct lateral horn pathway, whereas learnt behavior may require the readout of the olfactory memory trace in the mushroom body loop (regarding the adult, see Heimbeck et al. 2001).
The same pattern of results is found for n-amyl acetate (AM) and linalool (LIN) as well, yet in a more extreme way (for all statistics, see legend of Figure 4): Although LIN does not support innate behavior (but see Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga [2005; 2009] and Fishilevich et al. [2005]), it does support learnt behavior.
This study, along with research by Drs. Michael Bittman of the University of New England and Mark Sipthorp of the Australian Institute of Family Studies argues that "their need for noise and their struggle with silence is a learnt behavior". This cannot be blamed on the relatively recent rise of social media and 24-hour availability.
Inherent hand washing is a learnt behavior from childhood, with the aim of protecting oneself from "bad" germs.
To answer this question, we take advantage of the observation that learnt olfactory behavior is abolished in the presence of the reward (Gerber and Hendel 2006).
"When you come back from Europe, especially if you've spent your adolescent years there, you've learnt different habits and behaviors.
Yet, the notion of culture in wild chimpanzees has continued to attract critique, mainly because field researchers have been unable to provide direct evidence that the behaviors they observed had been socially learnt.
