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Another explanation for these behavioral differences is that average adolescents might have low levels of trust in their group and that they did not expect preserved high cooperation, as demonstrated by significantly decreased cooperation following trials with high rates of cooperation, when they did not benefit from free-riding (condition III).
An alternative to the model that sex differences in neuromodulation mediate behavioral differences is that sexual differentiation of shared circuitry acts in parallel to these neuromodulatory mechanisms.
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Experimental approaches are important for showing that any small variability, as in many physiological or behavioral differences, is an adaptation.
In each of the behavioral measures, there was an interaction of Anxiety × Relevance, showing that behavioral differences are not due solely to phobia or to subjective (positive or negative) relevance of spiders, but are specific to spider phobia as such.
The researchers, writing in Nature, suggest that the behavioral differences are due to differences in the abundance and distribution of food in the two seas.
The big remaining question for the scientists is whether these behavioral differences are detectable in an fMRI machine.
Specifically, he contends that the sequencing of small regions of mtDNA as well as the relatively few documented behavioral differences are "very crude overall measures" of the true genetic and behavioral differences.
The behavioral differences are illustrated by a time series simulation.
All fish in this experiment were reared in the laboratory without parental contribution, suggesting that this behavioral difference is heritable.
Thus, considering the short half-life of kakusei expression, it is possible that this behavioral difference is reflected in the kakusei expression in the follower brains.
Rather, it seems more likely that the behavioral difference is socially modulated, and influenced by the presence/absence of other animals in the proximity of the target animals.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com