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The behavioral response of pollinators to each treatment was observed for 20 min, and behavior was recorded as (1) approached at close range (hovered less than 5 cm from buds but did not touch them) or (2) touched buds.
Ants were observed for 5 minutes and aggressive behavior was recorded as described above.
For example, if a behavior was 'present' within one community and 'habitual' within the other community at the same field site, the behavior was recorded as 'habitual' for that field site.
We assessed the relationship between ant density and behavior using a generalized linear mixed model with the lmer function from lme4 package in R. Because behavior was recorded as counts, each independent variable was assumed to be distributed as a Poisson random variable.
Behavior was recorded as one of eight ordinally scored options on the basis of previously described courtship behaviors (Ruedi and Hughes 2008).
Response behavior was recorded as follows: the total amount of time it took males to respond to a hermaphrodite was noted (initial response).
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The same behaviors were recorded as in Experiment 1, and data were used only from the last 2 periods, which ensured that cows had been together previously for at least one 48-hour period.
During focal observations the focal female's behavior and her interactions were recorded, as were the identity of the individuals with whom the focal female interacted, the male territory visited, and her location.
At each 5-minute interval the state of behavior was recorded (e.g. walking, grooming, resting or feeding) and non-state behaviors (events: falling, convulsing, rasping leaves and biting leaves) were recorded as they occurred.
Juvenile Nautilus pompilius feeding behavior was recorded for the first time within the same depth range (200 610 m) as adults.
Feeding behavior was recorded by a computerized data acquisition system.
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